AINS Anästhesiologie · Intensivmedizin · Notfallmedizin · Schmerztherapie, Thieme Verlag Heft 11/12-2023, Jahrgang 58) ISSN 1439-1074 Seite(n) 666 bis 674 DOI: 10.1055/a-2081-3521 CareLit-Dokument-Nr: 318600 |
|
Für die meisten Patient*innen und ihre Angehörigen ist die intensivmedizinische Behandlung mit einem immensen Stress, aber auch späteren körperlichen, psychischen und kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen – dem Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrom – verbunden. Ziele der psychosozialen Unterstützung auf der Intensivstation sind die Stabilisierung und Minimierung der Akutbelastung für Patient*innen, Angehörige und auch das Behandlungsteam. Abstract The improvement of intensive care treatment options leads to an increasing number of patients being treated in this setting. For the majority of those affected and their relatives, this treatment is associated with tremendous stress, but also subsequent physical, psychological and cognitive impairments, the post-intensive care syndrome. The aim of psychosocial support in the intensive care unit is to stabilise and minimise the acute stress. This is done through care services oriented towards trauma therapy interventions and emergency psychology. Equally central are the needs of the patient’s relatives and ways to stabilise and relieve them. The third pillar of psychosocial work in the intensive care unit is the support of the treatment team. Finally, an outlook is given for the specialised aftercare of these complex patients in PICS outpatient clinics. Kernaussagen Die Verbesserung intensivmedizinischer Behandlungsmöglichkeiten führt zu einer zunehmenden Zahl von Patient*innen, die in diesem Setting behandelt werden. Für die Mehrzahl der Betroffenen und ihrer Angehörigen ist die ITS-Behandlung mit einem immensen Stress, aber auch späteren körperlichen, psychischen und kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen – dem Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrom – verbunden. Ziel der psychosozialen Unterstützung auf der Intensivstation ist die Stabilisierung und Minimierung der Akutbelastung für die Patient*innen. Dies erfolgt durch Betreuungsangebote, die sich an traumatherapeutischen Interventionen und Notfallpsychologie orientieren. Ebenso zentral sind die Bedürfnisse der Angehörigen und Möglichkeiten deren Stabilisierung und Entlastung. Als wesentliche dritte Säule der psychosozialen Arbeit auf der Intensivstation gilt die Unterstützung des Behandlungsteams. Eine spezialisierte Nachsorge dieser komplexen Patient*innen erfolgt in PICS-Ambulanzen. Schlüsselwörter psychosoziale Betreuung - Stressbewältigung - Zugehörigenbetreuung - Teamunterstützung - intensivmedizinische Nachsorge Keywords psychosocial care - stress management - care for relatives - team support - intensive medical aftercare 06 December 2023 © 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany Literatur 1 Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S. et al. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA 2014; 311: 1308-1316 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.2637. (PMID: 24638143) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 2 Paul N, Albrecht V, Denke C. et al. A Decade of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome: A Bibliometric Network Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58: 170 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020170. (PMID: 35208494) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 3 Lampart M, Rüegg M, Jauslin AS. et al. Direct Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes, and Risk Prediction in Patients with COVID-19 and Controls – A Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 2672 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122672. (PMID: 34204453) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 4 Stang A, Stang M, Jockel KH. Estimated Use of Intensive Care Beds Due to COVID-19 in Germany Over Time. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2020; 117: 329-335 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0329. (PMID: 32527378) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 5 Dziadzko V, Dziadzko MA, Johnson MM. et al. Acute psychological trauma in the critically ill: Patient and family perspectives. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2017; 47: 68-74 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.009. (PMID: 28807140) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 6 Kohler J, Borchers F, Endres M. et al. Cognitive Deficits Following Intensive Care. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2019; 116: 627-634 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0627. (PMID: 31617485) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 7 Kang J, Yun S, Hong J. Health-related quality of life measured with the EQ-5D-5L in critical care survivors: A cross-sectional study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2022; 72: 103252 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103252. (PMID: 35396103) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 8 Turnbull AE, Ji H, Dinglas VD. et al. Understanding Patients’ Perceived Health After Critical Illness: Analysis of Two Prospective, Longitudinal Studies of ARDS Survivors. Chest 2022; 161: 407-417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.2177. (PMID: 34419426) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 9 Gerth AMJ, Hatch RA, Young JD. et al. Changes in health-related quality of life after discharge from an intensive care unit: a systematic review. Anaesthesia 2019; 74: 100-108 DOI: 10.1111/anae.14444. (PMID: 30291744) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 10 Miyamoto Y, Ohbe H, Goto T. et al. Association between intensive care unit admission of a patient and mental disorders in the spouse: a retrospective matched-pair cohort study. J Intensive Care 2021; 9: 69 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-021-00583-3. (PMID: 34715945) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 11 Niecke A, Schneider G, Hartog CS. et al. [Traumatized relatives of intensive care patients]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2017; 112: 612-617 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-017-0316-7. (PMID: 28707029) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 12 Krampe H, Denke C, Gülden J. et al. Perceived Severity of Stressors in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review and Semi-Quantitative Analysis of the Literature on the Perspectives of Patients, Health Care Providers and Relatives. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 3928 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173928. (PMID: 34501376) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 13 Needham DM, Davidson J, Cohen H. et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders’ conference. Crit Care Med 2012; 40: 502-509 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232da75. (PMID: 21946660) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 14 Parker AM, Sricharoenchai T, Raparla S. et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors: a metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2015; 43: 1121-1129 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000882. (PMID: 25654178) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 15 Nikayin S, Rabiee A, Hashem MD. et al. Anxiety symptoms in survivors of critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2016; 43: 23-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.08.005. (PMID: 27796253) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 16 Rabiee A, Nikayin S, Hashem MD. et al. Depressive Symptoms After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med 2016; 44: 1744-1753 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001811. (PMID: 27153046) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 17 Sasannejad C, Ely EW, Lahiri S. Long-term cognitive impairment after acute respiratory distress syndrome: a review of clinical impact and pathophysiological mechanisms. Crit Care 2019; 23: 352 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2626-z. (PMID: 31718695) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 18 Rousseau AF, Prescott HC, Brett SJ. et al. Long-term outcomes after critical illness: recent insights. Crit Care 2021; 25: 108 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03535-3. (PMID: 33731201) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 19 Geense WW, Zegers M, Peters MAA. et al. New Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Problems 1 Year after ICU Admission: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203: 1512-1521 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202009-3381OC. (PMID: 33526001) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 20 Inoue S, Hatakeyama J, Kondo Y. et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med Surg 2019; 6: 233-246 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.415. (PMID: 31304024) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 21 Petrinec A, Wilk C, Hughes JW. et al. Delivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Post-Intensive Care Syndrome-Family via a Mobile Health App. Am J Crit Care 2021; 30: 451-458 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2021962. (PMID: 34719716) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 22 Deffner T, Michels G, Nojack A. et al. [Psychological care in the intensive care unit : Task areas, responsibilities, requirements, and infrastructure]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2020; 115: 205-212 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-018-0503-1. (PMID: 30367190) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 23 Cag Y, Erdem H, Gormez A. et al. Anxiety among front-line health-care workers supporting patients with COVID-19: A global survey. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 68: 90-96 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.12.010. (PMID: 33418193) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 24 Gualano MR, Sinigaglia T, Lo Moro G. et al. The Burden of Burnout among Healthcare Professionals of Intensive Care Units and Emergency Departments during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 8172 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158172. CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 25 Hodkinson A, Zhou A, Johnson J. et al. Associations of physician burnout with career engagement and quality of patient care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2022; 378: e070442 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070442. CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 26 Strauß B. Psychologische Modelle für die Intensivmedizin – Definitionen, Leitlinienempfehlungen und strukturelle Grundlagen. In: Deffner T, Strauß B. Praxisbuch Psychologie in der Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin: Konzepte für die psychosoziale Versorgung kritisch kranker Patienten und ihrer Angehörigen. Berlin: Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft; 2022 Google Scholar 27 Gündel H. IPS-Pilot – Integrierte Psychosoziale Versorgung in der Intensivmedizin: Partizipative Entwicklung und Pilotierung eines innovativen Versorgungsansatzes. Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss Innovationsausschuss. Accessed October 12, 2023 at: https://innovationsfonds.g-ba.de/projekte/versorgungsforschung/ips-pilot-integrierte-psychosoziale-versorgung-in-der-intensivmedizin-partizipative-entwicklung-und-pilotierung-eines-innovativen-versorgungsansatzes.530 PubMedGoogle Scholar 28 Hillmann B, Schwarzkopf D, Manser T. et al. Structure and concept of ICU rounds: the VIS-ITS survey. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2022; 117: 276-282 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-021-00830-3. (PMID: 34125258) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 29 Deffner T. Clinical psychology in the intensive care unit – A conceptual framework. Anästh Intensivmed 2017; 58: 248-258 PubMedGoogle Scholar 30 Deffner T, Schwarzkopf D, Waydhas C. [Psychological care in German intensive care units: Results of a survey among the members of the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2021; 116: 146-153 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-019-00638-2. (PMID: 31781828) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 31 Meraner V, Sperner-Unterweger B. [Patients, physicians and nursing personnel in intensive care units: Psychological and psychotherapeutic interventions]. Nervenarzt 2016; 87: 264-268 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-016-0098-9. (PMID: 26927678) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 32 Glaesmer H, Rosendahl J. Traumatisierung im Kontext schwerer körperlicher und medizinischer Behandlungen. In: Seidler GH, Glaesmer H, Gahleitner SB. Handbuch der Psychotraumatologie. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta; 2019 Google Scholar 33 Teufert SB. Psychosoziale Situation und psychologische Betreuung in der Intensivmedizin. In: Marks G, Muhl E, Zacharowski K. Die Intensivmedizin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Medizin; 2019 Google Scholar 34 Maercker A, Eberle D. Was bringt die ICD-11 im Bereich der trauma- und belastungsbezogenen Diagnosen?. Verhaltenstherapie 2022; 32: 1-10 DOI: 10.1159/000524958. CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 35 WHO. QE84: Acute stress reaction. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. 2023 Accessed October 12, 2023 at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f505909942 PubMedGoogle Scholar 36 Shalev AY. Acute stress reactions in adults. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 532-543 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01335-5. (PMID: 11950455) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 37 Wade D, Hardy R, Howell D. et al. Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: a systematic review. Minerva Anestesiol 2013; 79: 944-963 (PMID: 23558761) PubMedGoogle Scholar 38 Huang M, Parker AM, Bienvenu OJ. et al. Psychiatric Symptoms in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Survivors: A 1-Year National Multicenter Study. Crit Care Med 2016; 44: 954-965 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001621. (PMID: 26807686) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 39 Dilling H, Freyberger HJ, Cooper JE. Taschenführer zur ICD-10-Klassifikation psychischer Störungen: mit Glossar und Diagnostischen Kriterien sowie Referenztabellen ICD-10 vs. ICD-9 und ICD-10 vs. DSM-IV-TR : nach dem englischsprachigen Pocket Guide von J. E. Cooper/Weltgesundheitsorganisation. Bern: Hogrefe; 2019 Google Scholar 40 Schweininger S, Forbes D, Creamer M. et al. The temporal relationship between mental health and disability after injury. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32: 64-71 DOI: 10.1002/da.22288. (PMID: 24995589) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 41 King DA, Hussein E, Shochet GE. et al. Admission Rate of Patients With Major Psychiatric Disorders to the Intensive Care Unit. Am J Crit Care 2020; 29: 480-483 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2020934. (PMID: 33130867) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 42 Garcia RM. Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidality in the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33: 635-647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.005. (PMID: 28601138) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 43 Hartog CS, Jöbges S, Kumpf O. et al. [Communicating with families in the ICU: Background and practical recommendations]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2018; 113: 231-242 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-018-0417-y. (PMID: 29556682) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 44 Beadman M, Carraretto M. Key elements of an evidence-based clinical psychology service within adult critical care. J Intensive Care Soc 2023; 24: 215-221 DOI: 10.1177/17511437211047178. (PMID: 37260428) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 45 Cullberg J. Krisen und Krisentherapie. Psychiatrische Praxis 1978; 5: 25-34 PubMedGoogle Scholar 46 Matt B, Schwarzkopf D, Reinhart K. et al. Relatives’ perception of stressors and psychological outcomes – Results from a survey study. J Crit Care 2017; 39: 172-177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.02.03. (PMID: 28273613) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 47 Meir Drexler S, Wolf OT. Behavioral disruption of memory reconsolidation: From bench to bedside and back again. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132: 13-22 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000231. (PMID: 29553773) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 48 Netzer G, Sullivan DR. Recognizing, naming, and measuring a family intensive care unit syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11: 435-441 DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201309-308OT. (PMID: 24673699) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 49 Shelton W, Moore CD, Socaris S. The effect of a family support intervention on family satisfaction, length-of-stay, and cost of care in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 1315-1320 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d9d9fe. (PMID: 20228678) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 50 Davidson JE, Aslakson RA, Long AC. et al. Guidelines for Family-Centered Care in the Neonatal, Pediatric, and Adult ICU. Crit Care Med 2017; 45: 103-128 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002169. (PMID: 27984278) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 51 Hoffmann M, Nydahl P, Brauchle M. et al. [Ways of supporting relatives in intensive care units : Overview and update]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2022; 117: 349-357 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-022-00915-7. (PMID: 35394164) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 52 Deffner T, Rosendahl J, Niecke A. [Psychotraumatological aspects in intensive care medicine]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2020; 115: 511-518 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01060-2. (PMID: 33410960) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 53 Wu AW. Medical error: the second victim. West J Med 2000; 172: 358-359 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.320.7237.726. (PMID: 10720336) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 54 Strametz R, Raspe M, Ettl B. et al. [Recommended actions: Reinforcing clinicians’ resilience and supporting second victims during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain capacity in the healthcare system]. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz Ergon 2020; 70: 264-268 PubMedGoogle Scholar 55 Embriaco N, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N. et al. Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007; 13: 482-488 DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282efd28a. (PMID: 17762223) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 56 Hartog CS. [Burnout – a call for action]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2019; 114: 693-698 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-017-0362-1. (PMID: 29026930) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 57 Niecke A, Niecke I. Supervision in der Intensivmedizin – Zwischen Fallarbeit und Teamentwicklung. In: Deffner T, Strauß B. Praxisbuch Psychologie in der Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin: Konzepte für die psychosoziale Versorgung kritisch kranker Patienten und ihrer Angehörigen. Berlin: Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft; 2022: 303-306 Google Scholar 58 Strametz R, Koch P, Vogelgesang A. et al. Prevalence of second victims, risk factors and support strategies among young German physicians in internal medicine (SeViD-I survey). J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16: 11 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-021-00300-8. (PMID: 33781278) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 59 Brown SM, Bose S, Banner-Goodspeed V. et al. Approaches to Addressing Post-Intensive Care Syndrome among Intensive Care Unit Survivors. A Narrative Review. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16: 947-956 DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201812-913FR. (PMID: 31162935) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 60 Maley JH, Mikkelsen ME. The Intersection of Health and Critical Illness: Preservation and Restoration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203: 1451-1453 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202102-0306ED. (PMID: 33636093) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 61 Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD. et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in relatives of patients following intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 456-460 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-2149-5. (PMID: 14767589) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 62 White C, Connolly B, Rowland MJ. Rehabilitation after critical illness. BMJ 2021; 373: n910 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n910. (PMID: 33858835) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 63 Schaller S, Paul N, Grunow J. et al. The Post-ICU Patient. Management of Long-Term Impairments After Critical Illness. ICU Management & Practice 2020; 20: 275-282 PubMedGoogle Scholar 64 Schofield-Robinson OJ, Lewis SR, Smith AF. et al. Follow-up services for improving long-term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (11) CD012701 PubMedGoogle Scholar 65 McPeake J, Boehm LM, Hibbert E. et al. Key Components of ICU Recovery Programs: What Did Patients Report Provided Benefit?. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2: e0088 DOI: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000088. (PMID: 32426730) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 66 Muradov O, Petrovskaya O, Papathanassoglou E. Effectiveness of cognitive interventions on cognitive outcomes of adult intensive care unit survivors: A scoping review. Austral Crit Care 2021; 34: 473-485 DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2020.11.001. (PMID: 33526331) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 67 Haines KJ, Sevin CM, Hibbert E. et al. Key mechanisms by which post-ICU activities can improve in-ICU care: results of the international THRIVE collaboratives. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45: 939-947 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05647-5. (PMID: 31165227) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 68 King J, O’Neill B, Ramsay P. et al. Identifying Patients’ support needs following critical illness: a scoping review of the qualitative literature. Crit Care 2019; 23: 187 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2441-6. (PMID: 31126335) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 69 Pochard F, Azoulay E, Chevret S. et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients: ethical hypothesis regarding decision-making capacity. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1893-1897 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200110000-00007. (PMID: 11588447) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 70 Davidson JE, Jones C, Bienvenu OJ. Family response to critical illness: postintensive care syndrome-family. Crit Care Med 2012; 40: 618-624 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318236ebf9. (PMID: 22080636) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 71 Petrinec AB, Martin BR. Post-intensive care syndrome symptoms and health-related quality of life in family decision-makers of critically ill patients. Palliat Support Care 2018; 16: 719-724 DOI: 10.1017/S1478951517001043. (PMID: 29277171) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 72 Zante B, Camenisch SA, Schefold JC. Interventions in Post-Intensive Care Syndrome-Family: A Systematic Literature Review. Crit Care Med 2020; 48: e835-e840 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004450. (PMID: 32590386) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar 73 Herridge MS, Azoulay É. Outcomes after Critical Illness. N Engl J Med 2023; 388: 913-924 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra2104669. (PMID: 36884324) CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
{{detailinfo.data.api.data.document[0].apa}}
{{detailinfo.data.api.data.document[0].vancouver}}
{{detailinfo.data.api.data.document[0].harvard}}