Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and retinoid X receptor ligands in combination are potent antitumoral agents in the glioblastoma treatment

Introduction: Gliomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors and unfortunately, the prognosis of patients with glioblastomas remains extremely poor. New approaches are therefore essential for the treatment of these patients, especially because the occurrence of gliomas is increasing. Invasive behaviour is the pathological hallmark of malignant gliomas, being responsible for the failure of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. We investigated the antiproliferative and antiinvasive mechanism of action of 6-OH-11-hydrofenantrene (IIF), a ligand of retinoid X receptor (RXR gamma), and of pioglitazone (PGZ), a lig…