Heterologous, costimulation-assisted vaccinations drive potent cellular immune responses to cancer

Immunotherapy of cancer has emerged as an effective means for the treatment of solid cancer. The therapeutic efficacy of current therapies, however, is hampered by the low immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines that typically induce immune responses at or below the threshold of detection. Bacterial or viral vectors are able to overcome this limitation but require laborious vector design and are thus unsuitable for individually tailored vaccination approaches. We sought to develop a novel cancer vaccination that induces potent immune responses while preserving a maximum of flexibility with regard to t…