Next-generation immunogenic dendritic cell vaccines achieve a danger signaling and T cell-driven eradication of high-grade glioma

Two decades of translational research substantiates the promise of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. Of the four malignancies mostly targeted with clinical DC immunotherapy, high-grade glioma (HGG) has shown the highest susceptibility. However, HGG-induced immunosuppression is an anti-immunotherapy roadblock as evident by the observation that HGG may fail to respond to CTLA-4 or IDO1 immune-checkpoint blockade. This raises precedence for application of Th1 immunity-biased, next-generation, DC immunotherapy. To this end, we combined DC immunotherapy with immunogenic cell death (ICD; a modality shown to ind…