Extinction learning of conditioned fear in adult Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Introduction: Learning based on instruction can lead to similar fear adaptive responses alike learning by exposure to an aversive event itself [Phelps 2001]. Hence, learning by instruction prevents us from physical harm and from risk-taking behaviour. In ADHD risk-taking behaviour, like car speeding or substance abuse is well-known [Barkley 1996; Biederman 1998]. However, so far most of these symptoms have been explained in terms of insufficient impulse control. Yet, recent finding suggest changes in areas relevant for emotion processing. Plessen et al. [2006] found abnormal surface morphology of the amygdala's…